Ontario

For more information, visit the information sheet on Ontario's child welfare system.

Overview

Children’s Aid Societies in Ontario have the exclusive mandate under the Child, Youth and Family Services Act (CYFSA) to protect children who have been or are at risk of being abused and/or neglected by their caregivers, to provide for their care and supervision where necessary and to place children for adoption (CFYSA, 2017). A total of 38 Children’s Aid Societies and 13 Indigenous Child and Family Wellbeing Agencies (ICFWBA) are specifically designated by the Minister of Children, Community and Social Services to investigate child abuse and neglect and take the necessary steps to care for children and youth in need of protection. Three Children’s Aid Societies specifically serve religious communities. Children’s Aid Societies are independent legal entities (corporations run by Boards of Directors) or Indian Bands (that operate under the Indian Act) and are accountable to the communities they serve. In addition to the CYFSA, the Ontario Child Welfare Eligibility Spectrum and Child Protection Standards guide child protection workers at each phase of service delivery. 

Statistics
Child Maltreatment Investigations in Ontario, 20081, 20132 and 20183
 200820132018
Child population (0-15)2,382,0352,349,6002,361,870
Number of child maltreatment investigations128,748125,281148,536
Incidence of child maltreatment investigations per 1,000 children54.0553.3262.89
Type of Child Maltreatment Investigation in Ontario, 20183
 NumberRate per 1,000 children
Maltreatment Investigation94,47640.00
Risk Investigation54,06022.89
Categories of Substantiated Child Maltreatment Investigations in Ontario, 20183
Category of MaltreatmentNumberRate per 1,000 children
Physical Abuse7,0813.00
Sexual Abuse1,0190.43
Neglect8,0823.42
Emotional Maltreatment4,6891.99
Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence17,0517.22
Placement in Child Maltreatment Investigations in Ontario, 20081, 20132 and 20183
 2008 #2008 Rate2013 #2013 Rate2018 #2018 Rate
No Placement121,43650.98121,02051.51144,35161.12
Informal Kinship Care3,6161.521,8740.802,4881.05
Formal Placement3,6961.552,3871.021,6970.71
Children and youth in out-of-home care in 20224
Children in out-of-home care Child (0-17) populationRate per 1000
7, 489 2, 750, 0142.72

Child welfare services fall under the jurisdiction of provincial and territorial authorities, making it difficult to compile statistics at the national level.

The most notable variations between provinces include, mandate variation by jurisdiction with respect to the age to which children are eligible for service, differences in the length of time a child can receive out-of-home care and the definition of out-of-home care.

References

1 Fallon, B., Trocmé, N., MacLaurin, B., Sinha, V., Black, T., Felstiner, Schumaker, K., Van Wert, M., Herbert, A., Petrowski, N., Daciuk, J., Lee, B., DuRoss, C., & Johnston, A. (2010). Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect-2008 (OIS‑2008). Toronto, ON: Child Welfare Research Portal. https://cwrp.ca/publications/ontario-incidence-study-reported-child-abuse-and-neglect-2008-ois-2008

2 Fallon, B., Van Wert, M., Trocmé, N., MacLaurin, B., Sinha, V., Lefebvre, R., Allan, K., Black, T., Lee, B., Rha, W., Smith, C., & Goel, S. (2015). Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect-2013 (OIS‑2013) Toronto, ON: Child Welfare Research Portal. https://cwrp.ca/publications/ontario-incidence-study-reported-child-abuse-and-neglect-2013-ois-2013.

3 Fallon, B., Filippelli, J. Lefebvre, R., Joh-Carnella, N., Trocmé, N., Black, T., .... Stoddart, J.(2020). Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect-2018 (OIS‑2018). Toronto, ON: Child Welfare Research Portal. https://cwrp.ca/publications/ontario-incidence-study-reported-child-abuse-and-neglect-2018-ois-2018.

4 Pollock, N., Ouédraogo, A., Trocmé, N., Hovdestad, W., Miskie, A., Crompton, L., Campeau, A., Tanaka, M., Zhang, C., Laprise, C., Tonmyr, L. (2024). Rates of out-of-home care among children in Canada: an analysis of national administrative child welfare data. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada (44)4. https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.44.4.02

 

Publications
Filter by Publication Date Range
Title Authors Year
Understanding the Association Between Maltreatment History and Adolescent Risk Behavior by Examining Popularity Motivations and Peer Group Control 2009
Report of the Paediatric Death Review Committee and Deaths Under Five Committee

Office of the Chief Coroner

 2009
Examining How the Mental Health Needs of Children Who Have Experienced Maltreatment are Addressed within Ontario Children’s Aid Societies

Czincz, Jennifer
Romano, Elisa

2009
Supervision in child welfare: Integrating administrative and clinical components

Dill, Katharine
Bogo, Marion

 2009
The link between maltreatment and juvenile firesetting: Correlates and underlying mechanisms

Root, Carol
MacKay, Sherri
Henderson, Joanna
Del Bove, Giannetta
Warling, Diane

 2008
From Evolving Discourses to New Practice Approaches in Domestic Violence and Child Protective Services

Friend, Colleen
Shlonsky, Aron
Lambert, Liz

 2008
What Predicts Injury from Physical Punishment? A Test of the Typologies of Violence Hypothesis

Gonzalez, Miriam
Durrant, Joan E.
Chabot, Martin
Trocme, Nico
Brown, Jason

 2008
Perception of risk among child protection workers

Sullivan, Catherine
Whitehead, Paul C.
Leschied, Alan W.
Chiodo, Debbie
Hurley, Dermot

 2008
Prevalence of early childhood caries in a population of children with history of maltreatment

Valencia-Rojas, Nancy
Lawrence, Herenia P.
Goodman, Deborah

 2008
Ontario incidence studies of reported child abuse and neglect 1998/2003: Outcomes of investigations

Fallon, Barbara
Trocmé, Nico
MacLaurin, Bruce
Black, Tara
Petrowski, Nicole

 2008
Legislation
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