Ontario

For more information, visit the information sheet on Ontario's child welfare system.

Overview

Children’s Aid Societies in Ontario have the exclusive mandate under the Child, Youth and Family Services Act (CYFSA) to protect children who have been or are at risk of being abused and/or neglected by their caregivers, to provide for their care and supervision where necessary and to place children for adoption (CFYSA, 2017). A total of 38 Children’s Aid Societies and 13 Indigenous Child and Family Wellbeing Agencies (ICFWBA) are specifically designated by the Minister of Children, Community and Social Services to investigate child abuse and neglect and take the necessary steps to care for children and youth in need of protection. Three Children’s Aid Societies specifically serve religious communities. Children’s Aid Societies are independent legal entities (corporations run by Boards of Directors) or Indian Bands (that operate under the Indian Act) and are accountable to the communities they serve. In addition to the CYFSA, the Ontario Child Welfare Eligibility Spectrum and Child Protection Standards guide child protection workers at each phase of service delivery.

Statistics

Child Maltreatment Investigations in Ontario, 2008¹, 2013² and 2018³
	2008	2013	2018
Child population (0-15)	2,382,035	2,349,600	2,361,870
Number of child maltreatment investigations	128,748	125,281	148,536
Incidence of child maltreatment investigations per 1,000 children	54.05	53.32	62.89

Type of Child Maltreatment Investigation in Ontario, 2018³
	Number	Rate per 1,000 children
Maltreatment Investigation	94,476	40.00
Risk Investigation	54,060	22.89

Categories of Substantiated Child Maltreatment Investigations in Ontario, 2018³
Category of Maltreatment	Number	Rate per 1,000 children
Physical Abuse	7,081	3.00
Sexual Abuse	1,019	0.43
Neglect	8,082	3.42
Emotional Maltreatment	4,689	1.99
Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence	17,051	7.22

Placement in Child Maltreatment Investigations in Ontario, 2008¹, 2013² and 2018³
	2008 #	2008 Rate	2013 #	2013 Rate	2018 #	2018 Rate
No Placement	121,436	50.98	121,020	51.51	144,351	61.12
Informal Kinship Care	3,616	1.52	1,874	0.80	2,488	1.05
Formal Placement	3,696	1.55	2,387	1.02	1,697	0.71

Children and youth in out-of-home care in 2022⁴
Children in out-of-home care		Child (0-17) population	Rate per 1000
7, 489		2, 750, 014	2.72

Child welfare services fall under the jurisdiction of provincial and territorial authorities, making it difficult to compile statistics at the national level.

The most notable variations between provinces include, mandate variation by jurisdiction with respect to the age to which children are eligible for service, differences in the length of time a child can receive out-of-home care and the definition of out-of-home care.

References

¹Fallon, B., Trocmé, N., MacLaurin, B., Sinha, V., Black, T., Felstiner, Schumaker, K., Van Wert, M., Herbert, A., Petrowski, N., Daciuk, J., Lee, B., DuRoss, C., & Johnston, A. (2010). Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect-2008 (OIS‑2008). Toronto, ON: Child Welfare Research Portal. https://cwrp.ca/publications/ontario-incidence-study-reported-child-abuse-and-neglect-2008-ois-2008

² Fallon, B., Van Wert, M., Trocmé, N., MacLaurin, B., Sinha, V., Lefebvre, R., Allan, K., Black, T., Lee, B., Rha, W., Smith, C., & Goel, S. (2015). Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect-2013 (OIS‑2013) Toronto, ON: Child Welfare Research Portal. https://cwrp.ca/publications/ontario-incidence-study-reported-child-abuse-and-neglect-2013-ois-2013.

³Fallon, B., Filippelli, J. Lefebvre, R., Joh-Carnella, N., Trocmé, N., Black, T., .... Stoddart, J.(2020). Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect-2018 (OIS‑2018). Toronto, ON: Child Welfare Research Portal. https://cwrp.ca/publications/ontario-incidence-study-reported-child-abuse-and-neglect-2018-ois-2018.

⁴ Pollock, N., Ouédraogo, A., Trocmé, N., Hovdestad, W., Miskie, A., Crompton, L., Campeau, A., Tanaka, M., Zhang, C., Laprise, C., Tonmyr, L. (2024). Rates of out-of-home care among children in Canada: an analysis of national administrative child welfare data. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada (44)4. https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.44.4.02

Publications

Title	Authors	Year
Burden of Dysthymia and Comorbid Illness in Adults in a Canadian Primary Care Setting: High Rates of Psychiatric Illness in the Offspring	Bell, Barbara Chalklin, Lori Mills, Michael Browne, Gina Steiner, Meir Roberts, Jacqueline Gafni, Amiram Byrne, Carolyn Wallik, David Kraemer, James Webb, Michelle Jamieson, Ellen Whittaker, Susan Dunn, Edward	2004
Mapping Adolescent Health Risk Behaviours	Wekerle, Christine Wall, Anne-Marie Knoke, Della	2004
Use of population measures and norms to identify resilient outcomes in young people in care: an exploratory study	Flynn, Robert J. Ghazal, Hayat Legault, Louise Vandermeulen, Gail Petrick, Susan	2004
Domestic violence: Protecting children by involving fathers and helping mothers	Lavergne, Chantal Chamberland, Claire Laporte, Lise Baraldi, Rosanna	2003
In the Best Interests of Children and Mothers: A Proposed Child Welfare Response to Violence Against Women	Morrow, Eileen	2003
The Relationship Between Parental Substance Abuse and Child Maltreatment: Findings from the Ontario Health Supplement	Walsh, Christine A. MacMillan, Harriet Jamieson, Ellen	2003
Focusing Intensive Family Preservation Services: Patterns and Consequences	Hayward, Karen Cameron, Gary	2002
Ontario incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect 1993/1998: Maltreatment rates	Trocmé, Nico Siddiqi, Jasmine Fallon, Barbara MacLaurin, Bruce Sullivan, Sue	2002
Ontario incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect 1993/1998: Outcomes of investigations	Trocmé, Nico Siddiqi, Jasmine Fallon, Barbara MacLaurin, Bruce Sullivan, Sue	2002
Ontario incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect 1993/1998: Source of referrals	Trocmé, Nico Neves, Teresa Fallon, Barbara MacLaurin, Bruce Sullivan, Sue	2002

Legislation

Links