Indigenous Child Welfare

This section contains material related to Indigenous child welfare. Canada has a decentralized child welfare system that consists of 13 Canadian provincial and territorial child welfare systems. In addition, there exists Métis, First Nations and urban Indigenous child and family service agencies that are to varying degrees affected by federal policies and funding models. Most commonly, Indigenous child welfare agencies have signed agreements with either the federal or both the federal and provincial governments that authorizes them to provide the full range of child protection services and receive federal funding to do so. For more information about First Nations child welfare, see Denouncing the Continued Overrepresentation of First Nations Children in Canadian Child Welfare.

For information on the First Nations human rights complaint case against the federal government for under-funding child welfare services on-reserve: I am a witness.

Statistics

Indigenous Child Welfare - Statistics

Child Maltreatment Investigations, First Nations (status and non-status) and Non-Indigenous Children^*

  First Nations Children Non-Indigenous Children
Number of child maltreatment investigations 45,918 241,137
Incidence of child maltreatment investigations per 1,000 children 151 42.11


Type of Child Maltreatment Investigations in 2019 for First Nations (status and non-status) and Non-Indigenous Children^*

  First Nations Number First Nations Rate per 1,000 Children First Nations Percent
Maltreatment incident Investigation 32,328 106.31 70%
Risk Investigation 13,590 44.69 30%
  Non-Indigenous Number Non-Indigenous Rate per 1,000 Children Non-Indigenous Percent
Maltreatment incident Investigation 168,570 29.44 70%
Risk Investigation 72,567 12.67 30%

 

Level of Substantiation in Child Maltreatment Investigations in 2019 for First Nations (status and non-status) and Non-Indigenous Children^*

  First Nations Number First Nations Rate per 1,000 Children First Nations Percent
Substantiated 19,143 62.95 59%
Suspected 2,190 7.20 7%
Unfounded 10,950 36.01 34%
  Non-Indigenous Number Non-Indigenous Rate per 1,000 Children Non-Indigenous Percent
Substantiated 76,899 13.43 46%
Suspected 9,995 1.75 6%
Unfounded 81,676 14.26 48%


Primary Categories of Substantiated Child Maltreatment Investigations in 2019 for First Nations (status and non-status) and Non-Indigenous Children^*

First Nations Children      
Category of Maltreatment Number Rate per 1,000 First Nation children Percent
Physical Abuse 1,570 5.16 8%
Sexual Abuse 587 1.93 3%
Neglect 8,400 27.62 44%
Emotional Maltreatment 1,780 5.85 9%
Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence 6,806 22.38 36%
Non-Indigenous Children      
Category of Maltreatment Number Rate per 1,000 Non-Indigenous children Percent
Physical Abuse 14,459 2.53 19%
Sexual Abuse 2,108 0.37 3%
Neglect 18,600 3.25 24%
Emotional Maltreatment 10,941 1.91 14%
Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence 30,791 5.38 40%


Placement in Child Maltreatment Investigations in 2019 for First Nations and Non-Indigenous Children^*

  First Nations Number First Nations Rate Non-Indigenous Number Non-Indigenous Rate

Informal Placement 

(Kinship Out of Care and Customary Care)

2,365 7.78 4,798 0.84
Kinship in Care 1,589 5.23 545 0.10
Foster Care (Non-kinship) 1,775 5.84 2,677 0.47
Group Home/Residential or Secure Treatment 207 0.68 757 0.13
Other Placement (e.g., places of safety) 205 0.67 153 0.03
Subtotal: Placement Made 6,141 20.20 8,930 1.56
No Placement Made 39,776 130.81 232,207 40.55
Total Investigations 45,917 151.00 241,137 42.11


* Source: Fallon, B., Lefebvre, R., Trocmé, N., Richard, K., Hélie, S., Montgomery, M., Bennett, M., Joh-Carnella, N., Saint-Girons, M., Filippelli, J., MacLaurin, B., Black, T., Esposito, T., King, B., Collin-Vézina, D., Dallaire, R., Gray, R., Levi, J., Orr, M., Petti, T., Thomas Prokop, S., & Soop, S. (2021) Denouncing the Continued Overrepresentation of First Nations Children in Canadian Child Welfare: Findings from the First Nations/Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect-2019. Ontario: Assembly of First Nations.

^ Note: The estimates presented here are from the fourth national study that collected investigation data from a large number of First Nations and urban Indigenous agencies. All results must be interpreted with the caution.

Data presented here are weighted estimates; for information regarding the FNCIS weighting procedure, see the executive summary and appendices of Denouncing The Continued Overrepresentation Of First Nations Children In Canadian Child Welfare: Findings From The First Nations/Canadian Incidence Study Of Reported Child Abuse And Neglect-2019 (Fallon et al., 2021)

Interpretations must take into account the context and structure of First Nations child welfare, see Fallon et al., 2021 for a contextualized summary of the findings. 

Publications
Title Authors Year of Publication
Report
Honouring Jordan's Principle: Obstacles to accessing equitable health and social services for First Nations children with special healthcare needs living in Pinaymootang, Manitoba

Vives, Luna
Sinha, Vandna
Burnet, Eric
Lach, Lucyna

Report
Review of Child Welfare Legislation in Manitoba: Discussion Guide

Government of Manitoba

Report
Room for Improvement: Toward Better Education Outcomes for Children in Care

Representative for Children and Youth

Journal article
Violence and resilience: a scoping review of treatment of mental health problems for Indigenous Youth
Toombs, Elaine
Houlding, Carolyn
Braunberger, Peter
Sawula, Erica
Wekerle, Christine
Mushquash, Chris
Drawson, Alexandra
Report
Voices for Reform: Options for Change to Saskatchewan First Nations Child Welfare

Voices for Reform: Options for Change to Saskatchewan First Nations Child Welfare

Report
2015 Annual Report - Saskatchewan Children's Advocate Office

Saskatchewan Advocate for Children and Youth

Journal article
A culturally relevant measure of client satisfaction in child welfare services
Mundy, Crystal
Neufeld, Amanda N. 
Wells, Susan J
Report
A Tragedy in Waiting: How B.C.’s Mental Health System Failed One First Nations Youth

British Columbia Representative for Children and Youth

Report
B.C. Adoption Update: December 2015

British Columbia Representative for Children and Youth

Journal article
Child maltreatment and intimate partner violence among Indigenous and non-Indigenous Canadians
Brownridge, Douglas A. 
Taillieu, Tamara
Afifi, Tracie
Chan, Ko Ling
Emery, Clifton
Lavoie, Josee
Elgar, Frank
Legislation

Aboriginal Child Welfare - Legislation

Aboriginal child welfare services are provided in accordance with provincial/territorial legislation, as allowed by Section 88 of the Indian Act (1985). Child welfare services fall under the jurisdiction of provincial and territorial authorities. As a result, each province and territory has different legislation pertaining to child protection interventions. For more information click here.

Child welfare services on-reserve are funded through Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada and subject to the regulations within the First Nations Child and Family Services section of the National Social Program Manual (last updated 2012).